Md ali jinnah biography of mahatma

Bengal and Punjab would also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim populationand in the majority-Muslim Sylhet district of Assamadjacent to eastern Bengal.

Sylhet and the N. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions—he would be India's first post-independence governor-general—but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office.

Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir Cyril Radcliffehad not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten's plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, "That's the end of that.

You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.

The Radcliffe Commissiondividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the Radcliffe Line dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and ethnic cleansing.

Many on the "wrong side" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict.

Md ali jinnah biography of mahatma

Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work. Among the restive regions of the new nation was the North-West Frontier Province. The referendum there in July had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent Pakistani governmentand reunion.

Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services.

According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, "although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader. The princely states of India were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India.

Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler. But two of three vassal states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh— Mangrol and Babariawad —declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India.

In response, the Nawab of Junagarh militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the Indian Army occupied the principality in November, [ ] forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically influential Bhutto family. The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the princely state of Kashmir.

It had a Muslim-majority population and a Hindu maharajaSir Hari Singhwho stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the population in revolt in Octoberaided by Pakistani md ali jinnah biographies of mahatma, the maharaja acceded to India ; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir.

The Pakistani Army was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir Douglas Graceyrefused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into the First India—Pakistan War.

Some historians allege that Jinnah's courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states. The partition violence stopped by 18 January following the fast by Mahatma Gandhi with religious rioters promising Gandhi to frown upon the violence.

After hearing about Gandhi's murder, Jinnah publicly made a brief statement of condolence, calling Gandhi "one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community". The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam.

Today these are as applicable in actual life as these were years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fair play to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan. In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to East Pakistan.

In a speech before a crowd estimated at , Jinnah stated in English that Urdu alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan strongly opposed this policy, and in the official language issue was a factor in the region's secession to form the country of Bangladesh.

From the s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis ; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a letter, he wrote to a supporter that "you must have read in the papers how during my tours I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities [of the schedule] and over-strain told upon my health".

He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally neglected his health As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of Government House in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the Command and Staff College saying, "you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan.

A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Canada's Dominion Day was the last public event he attended. On 6 JulyJinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to an even higher retreat at Ziarat. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo md ali jinnah biography of mahatma treatment but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government sent the best doctors it could find to treat him.

Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new "miracle drug" of streptomycinbut it did not help. Jinnah's condition continued to deteriorate despite the Eid prayers of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of Independence Dayfor which a ghost-written statement for him was released.

Despite an increase in appetite he then weighed just over 36 kilograms or 79 poundsit was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September.

Dr Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah's change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah's limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah's stretcher was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up.

They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah's presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan's creation.

Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru stated upon Jinnah's death, "How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been Jinnah was buried on 12 September amid official mourning in Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.

After Jinnah died, his sister Fatima asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under Shia Islamic law. Iranian-American academic Vali Nasr claimed that Jinnah "was an Ismaili by birth and a Twelver Shia by confession, though not a religiously observant man. But in the court rejected Walji's claim that Jinnah was Sunni; effectively implying that he was a Shia.

In a high court bench reversed the verdict and maintained that "the Quaid was definitely not a Shia", which suggested that Jinnah was Sunni. Merchant, Jinnah's grandnephew, writes that "the Quaid was not a Shia; he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim". Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan. Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment Jinnah's importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable.

In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah. The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan's tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence. His birthday is observed as a national holidayQuaid-e-Azam Dayin Pakistan.

His other title is Baba-e-Qawm Father of the Nation. The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The civil awards of Pakistan includes an 'Order of Quaid-i-Azam'.

The Jinnah Society also confers the 'Jinnah Award' annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people. The Jinnah Mansion in Malabar HillBombay, is in the possession of the Government of Indiabut the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan. There are proposals for the house to be offered to the government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia had also staked a claim on the property.

There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems principally from Pakistan; in his book Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah : A Selected Bibliographyauthor Muhammad Anwar listed 1, entries, mostly in English, of books, articles and other publications published from to Ahmedit is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah.

Ahmed suggests that depicting the Quaid drinking would weaken Jinnah's Islamic identity, and by extension, Pakistan's. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life. According to historian Ayesha Jalalwhile there is a tendency towards hagiography in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively. In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land.

Seervai assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India—it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against.

He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position really examined. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, according to Yasser Latif Hamdani and Eamon Murphy, is associated with his call for Direct Action Daywhich resulted in bloodshed and communal violence that culminated in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.

Jinnah was the central figure of the film Jinnahwhich was based on Jinnah's life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. Christopher Leewho portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. Jinnah of Pakistan by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah.

The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir Richard Attenborough 's film, Gandhi. The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru's daughter, the Indian prime minister, Indira Gandhi. It portrays Jinnah played by Alyque Padamsee in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi.

Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan. Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item. Founder and 1st Governor-General of Pakistan — For other uses, see Jinnah disambiguation. Baba-e-Qaum Quaid-e-Azam. Emibai Jinnah. Rattanbai Petit. This article is part of a series about.

See also: Jinnah family. Legal and early political career. Further information: Indian independence movement and Pakistan movement. Wilderness years; interlude in England. Main article: Pakistan Movement. Background to independence. Iqbal's influence on Jinnah. Muhammad Iqbal[ 99 ]. Second World War and Lahore Resolution. Main article: Lahore Resolution.

Mountbatten and independence. See also: List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah's portraits on the stamps of Turkmenistan and Iran. Karachi did not then issue birth certificates, no record was kept by his family birth dates being of little importance to Muslims of the timeand his school records reflect a birth date of 20 October See Bolithop.

He was also sessional president in, and from until his death in See Jalalp. Rare speeches and documents of Quaid-e-Azam. Arif Mukati. Inwhile Jinnah was trying to find his feet on a political terrain that had stopped making sense to him, his second wife, Ruttie, died. He relocated to London with his family and resumed his md ali jinnah biography of mahatma as an attorney.

He, throughout this period, had faded off the Indian political scene. Jinnah made a lot of money as a lawyer. In fact, he was believed to be one of the highest paid. He belonged to the upper class and lived an affluent life in Hampstead, London during the early s in London. He was reputed to be a well-dressed man who was particularly attentive to his physical appearance.

He was also a great property investor and had several homes. Jinnah speaking at the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 14 Augustthe day Pakistan became independent. InJinnah came back to India to lead the Muslim League upon the request of some political leaders. He steered the affairs of the League and created new structures. He also led the organization during the elections.

Though Jinnah was well-liked and admired, not all Muslims considered him a role model. InJinnah presided over a meeting where discussions concerning the Lahore Resolution were held. The creed rejected the idea of a united India in place of an independent Muslim state consisting of Punjab, N. P and Balochistan, Bengal and other provinces.

The Resolution formed the basis of the Muslim League decision to establish one state for the Muslims instead of two. The passage of the Pakistan Resolution represented a change of direction for the Muslims. Rather than fight for an alliance with the Hindu community, they preferred to walk a path that will lead to a separate homeland for the Muslims in India.

However, that all changed in the early s just as the Great Britain was preparing to grant India its independence. The period from witnessed victory for the Muslim League in the general elections. The League had, by this time, gained momentum as the third force in India, together with the National Congress and the British. In his address to the Constituent Assembly on August 11,Jinnah reiterated his commitment to the principles of justice, equality, and religious freedom.

Jinnah's leadership during the formative years of Pakistan laid the groundwork for a constitutional framework based on democratic principles. He emphasized the importance of a strong and impartial judiciary, a vibrant civil service, and respect for the rule of law. Despite his failing health, Jinnah continued to guide the nation in its early years.

Unfortunately, Jinnah's health deteriorated rapidly, and he succumbed to tuberculosis on September 11,at the age of His death was a significant loss for the young nation, as he left behind a legacy of vision, determination, and commitment to democratic values. Jinnah's vision for Pakistan as a modern, democratic state faced challenges in the years following his death.

The country grappled with political instability, military coups, and issues related to governance. However, Jinnah's principles continued to inspire successive generations of leaders and citizens. Muhammad Ali Jinnah's life and legacy are indelibly woven into the history of the Indian subcontinent. His journey from a successful lawyer in British India to the founder of Pakistan reflects the complex political, social, and cultural landscape of the time.

Jinnah's unwavering commitment to the rights of Muslims, his advocacy for a separate nation, and his vision for Pakistan as a democratic and inclusive state make him a pivotal figure in the struggle for independence. While Jinnah's role in the creation of Pakistan is celebrated by many, his legacy remains a subject of debate and interpretation.

Some view him as a statesman who navigated the challenging political terrain to secure a homeland for Muslims, while others critique aspects of his leadership and the subsequent trajectory of Pakistan's history. Despite the challenges and controversies, Jinnah's ideals continue to resonate in Pakistan and beyond. The principles of justice, equality, and religious freedom that he championed remain integral to the aspirations of a democratic and pluralistic society.

As Pakistan commemorates its founding father, the enduring impact of Jinnah's vision serves as a reminder of the ongoing quest for a just and inclusive nation. Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Early Political Career: Returning to India, Jinnah began his legal practice in Bombay now Mumbai and quickly gained recognition for his eloquence and legal acumen.

Champion of Muslim Rights: Jinnah, through his speeches and writings, articulated the concerns and aspirations of the Muslim minority in British India. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and the Khilafat Movement: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of introduced a system of dyarchy in the provinces and expanded the limited representation of Indians in legislative councils.

Demand for Separate Electorates: Jinnah's demand for separate electorates for Muslims was rooted in his belief that, as a distinct religious and cultural group, Muslims required political representation commensurate with their numerical strength. Jinnah's Vision for Pakistan: As the demand for a separate Muslim state gained momentum, Jinnah continued to articulate his vision for Pakistan.

Four years later, Britain sent a cabinet mission to India to outline a constitution for transfer of power to India. India was then divided into three territories. The first was a Hindu majority, which makes up present-day India. The second was a Muslim area in the northwest, to be designated as Pakistan. The third was made up of Bengal and Assam, with a narrow Muslim majority.

After a decade, the provinces would have the choice of opting out on the formation of a new federation. But when the Congress president expressed objections to implementing the plan, Jinnah also voted against it. He was also made president of Pakistan's constituent assembly shortly before his death. On September 11,just a little over a year after he became governor-general, Jinnah died of tuberculosis near Karachi, Pakistan — the place where he was born.

Today, Jinnah is credited with having altered the destiny of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! The First Family on Inauguration Day. Donald Trump. JD Vance. Jimmy Carter.